Technology-push
The default playbook
Engineering, marketing, and product align internally around the idea. Someone walks into the kickoff with the end product already decided. No customer in the room.
The build starts from internal consensus. Engineering executes, but no one on the build team has talked to a customer. Requirements arrive filtered through product, sales, or marketing, and features get chosen by internal vote. Buzzwords stand in for value propositions.
The beta runs with friendly customers, organized by sales rather than engineering. The customer voice stays one or two steps from the people writing the code, and what little signal arrives comes too late to change the build.
The launch happens. Sales reports that the market isn't ready. Customers nod politely and don't buy. Engineering moves on, still defending decisions that started with opinion.